Low-grade glioma adults

A low-grade glioma is a slower-growing brain tumour arising from glial cells, the supportive cells surrounding nerve cells in the brain. Although generally less aggressive than high-grade gliomas, they can still cause significant symptoms and, over time, some transform into more aggressive tumours.

The exact cause usually isn't identified, though certain genetic mutations within the tumour cells drive its growth, and rare inherited genetic syndromes slightly increase risk. Most cases occur without any clear identifiable cause or family history.

Symptoms depend on the tumour's location but can include seizures, headaches, changes in personality or cognition, and, depending on location, weakness or speech difficulties. Seizures are often the first symptom that leads to diagnosis.

While generally less aggressive than high-grade tumours, low-grade gliomas can still cause significant symptoms and a proportion eventually transform into more aggressive, faster-growing tumours over time. Regular monitoring and, when appropriate, treatment aim to manage this risk.

Most cases aren't linked to an inherited genetic mutation, though specific genetic changes within the tumour cells themselves (rather than inherited from parents) drive tumour behaviour and help guide treatment decisions. A small proportion occur as part of rare inherited cancer predisposition syndromes.

Some low-grade gliomas can be effectively treated with surgery alone, particularly if completely removed, offering long periods of disease control or, in some cases, cure. Others require additional treatment such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and ongoing monitoring is generally needed given the possibility of eventual transformation or recurrence.

Treatment typically involves surgery to remove as much of the tumour as safely possible, with radiotherapy or chemotherapy considered afterwards based on the specific tumour's genetic characteristics, location and how much was able to be removed. A specialist neuro-oncology multidisciplinary team plans the most appropriate individualised approach.

Regular MRI scans, often every six to twelve months, are typically recommended to monitor for any recurrence or change in the tumour, continuing for many years given the potential for late changes. Your neuro-oncology team will provide a personalised monitoring schedule.

Low-grade gliomas generally grow more slowly and are less aggressive, often allowing for longer survival and sometimes cure, while high-grade gliomas grow more rapidly and are generally more difficult to treat successfully. Pathology examination of the tumour tissue determines the specific grade, which significantly influences treatment planning and prognosis.

New unexplained seizures, persistent headaches, or neurological symptoms should be assessed by a neurologist promptly. Private neurology consultations can typically be arranged within about two weeks, though significant or worsening neurological symptoms need more urgent assessment.